WHAT HAS HAPPENED?
The UK extracted $64.82 trillion from INDIA over a century of colonialism between 1765 to 1900 and $33.8 trillion of this amount went to the richest 10%.
Enough money to carpet London in notes of 50 British pound almost 4 times over.
This forms part of rights group OXFAM INTERNATIONAL'S latest flagship global inequity report released every year on the first day of the WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM Annual meeting.
The report titled 'TAKERS, NOT MAKERS' and release in Davos on Monday, hours before the start of the annual meeting of the rich and powerful across the globe.
Cited several studies and research papers to claim that the modern multinational corporations is a creation of Colonialism only.
"Legacies of inequality and pathologies of plunder, pioneered during the time of historical colonialism, continue to shape modern lives.
This has created a deeply unequal world, a world torn apart division based on racism.
"A world that continues to systematically extract wealth from the Global South to primarily benifit the richest people in the Global North" Oxfam said.
In the UK, a significant number of the richest people today can trace their family wealth back to slavery and colonialism, specifically the Compensation paid to rich enslavers when slavery was abolished, it added.
MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES
On the modern multinational corporations being a creation of Colonialism, Oxfam said it was pioneered by such corporations as the EAST INDIA COMPANY, which became a law unto itself and was responsible for many colonial crimes.
"In the modern day, multinational corporations often occupying monopoly or near-monopoly positions, continue to exploit workers in the Global South, particularly Women workers, on behalf of rich shareholders primarily based in the Global North," it said.
Global supply chain and export processing industries represent Modern colonial system of South-North wealth extraction.
Workers in these supply chains frequently experience poor working conditions, lack of collective bargaining rights, and minimal social protection, the report said.
Oxfam said the wages in the Global South are between 87% and 95% lower than wages of the Global North for work of equal skill.
Large Multinational corporations dominate Global supply chains, benefitting from cheap labour and the continued extraction of resources from Global South.
Oxfam said that beyond the richest, the main beneficiaries of colonialism were the newly emergent MIDDLE CLASS.
After the richest 10%, who received 52% of this income, the new middle class received a further 32% of income.
HOW BRITAIN MADE INDIA POOR?
In 1750 the Indian Subcontinent accounted for approximately 25% of global industries output.
However, by 1900 this figure had precipitously declined to a mere 2%, the Oxfam report noted.
This dramatic reduction can be attributed to Britain implementation of stringent protectionist policies against Asian textiles, which systematically undermined India's industrial growth potential, Oxfam said.
Paradoxically, it took a global conflict to temporarily alleviate this industrial suppression and during world war 1 (1914- 1918) .
The disruption of colonial trade patterns inadvertently catalysed industrial growth in the colonies, Oxfam said.
Oxfam further said that colonialism was often led by private multinationals, who were often granted monopolies and made enormous profits from overseas expansion.
The concept of private multinational corporations bankrolled by shareholders, was a product of colonial era and many colonial corporations employed their own army to ruthlessly crush rebellions, Oxfam said.
The East India Companies army in India totalled 260,000 soldiers, twice the size of the British army.
"They engaged in land dispossession, violence, and mergers and acquisitions, driving globalization and contributing to the creation of the world's first global financial system. Financial markets, especially in London, Facilitated these colonials behemoths," Oxfam said.
From 1830 to 1920, 3.7 million Chinese, African, Japanese, Malaysian and other people were transported to work in colonial plantations and mines and to lay down infrastructure as Indentured labourers it added.
The report further noted that in India in 1875 the top earners were mainly European officer of the army and the administration, but by 1940 they were mainly traders, bankers and industrialists.
"The inequality that these countries experience today is significantly of colonial making," Oxfam said.
FORMALISATION OF CASTE SYSTEM
Oxfam further said that multiple other divisions were expanded and exploited, concretized and compounded during the historical colonial period, including caste, religion, gender, sexuality, language and geography.
In India during the British colonial period, the caste system was formalised through legal and administrative measures, which reinforced its rigid boundaries.
COLONIAL DRUG PUSHER
The report also talked about the British state as a 'colonial drug pusher'. It is critical to remember that both the Dutch and British East India company used the opium trade to consolidate their colonial rule Oxfam said.
Thus opium production on an industrial scale was promoted in eastern India, where the British East India company held a monopoly from 1757, and the produce was exported to China, eventually triggering the Opium War and China's so-called 'Century of humiliation'.
In the middle of the 19th century, opium amounted to more than half of China's total imports and represented the British Raj's third largest revenue stream, after salt and land taxes. Poppy- growing areas in India were associated with lower per-capita public spending on health and administration by the British, fewer schools and a greater concentration of police officers, And to this day, these areas continue to have significantly worse literacy rates and public goods provision than neighbouring areas, Oxfam said.
BIOPIRACY
The report further said that countries in the Global South have also been victims of 'bio- piracy', the unauthorised and uncompensated collection of genetic resources for commercial purposes. It cited an example of the US multinational corporation WR Grace's 1994 patent for a neem tree seed extract used in its antifungal spray, Neemex.
While the company claimed that it's patent was the product of a unique invention, neem extracts have been used by rural farmers in India for more than 2,000 years in insect repellents, shops and contraceptives, Oxfam said.
The technical board of appeals at the European patent office revoked the patent after 10 years of legal proceedings.
OTHER CLAIMS MADE BY OXFAM
Oxfam said the huge exploitation of fossil fuels, which began in the colonial Era, also continuous today, which in turn, has driven the world to the edge of climate breakdown.
The story also talked about the ways that colonial powers partitioned the Ottoman Empire and India.
It further cited studies that 59 million excess deaths occurred under British rule between 1891 and 1920 in India.
Grain import restrictions during World war - 2, underpinned by racist thinking, appear to have significantly contributed to or caused the Bengal famine of 1943, which claimed an estimated 3 million lives in what is now India and Bangladesh, Oxfam said.
It has been suggested that higher rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes among this population are the result of metabolic adaptations to recurrent cycles of starvation during the colonial period, Oxfam said.
UNEQUAL STATUS IN GLOBAL BODIES
Oxfam said that Global North continuous to dominate even when each nation has equal status in formal terms at some Global bodies.
Alleging that the WTO has historically failed to address the interest of the Global South, Oxfam said this helps not only Northern countries but also corporations located in the Global North as demonstrated during the COVID-19 Pandemic.
When the South African and Indian proposal at the WTO for a full waiver of intellectual property restrictions on life- saving vaccines treatments and other technologies was supported by over 100 countries but successfully opposed by rich Nations.
It further said that the World Bank and many European developing finance institutes, in partnership with private capital and investment funds in the Global North, are promoting this privatization and financialization of public services in the Global South.
Oxfam claimed that the world banks international finance corporation (IFC), has financed high-end private hospitals in urban centres in India, A country where 37% of Indians experience catastrophic health expenditures in private hospitals, and human rights abuses are endemic.
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